ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.

                The Earth’s climate is changing and the scientific consensus concludes that by altering the composition of the atmosphere, humans are increasing the average temperature of the Earth's surface. This process has already begun; the planet is measurably warmer than it was at the start of the last century. However, scientists predict the change that will occur over the 21st century will be even greater. This increase will have unpredictable impacts on weather patterns around the globe. We are all experiencing climate change. Our descendants will likely experience far more. We recognize that climate change can be a controversial subject and that prescriptions for solutions quickly take on a political character, which can raise suspicions of bias. Some argue that the climate is too complicated to predict, and others suggest that natural variations can explain the observed changes in the climate. These objections have some merit. It should be no surprise that the Earth&

  Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) is a participatory hygiene education methodology that seeks to help individual s and communities improve hygiene behaviours, reduce diarrhoeal disease and encourage effective community management of water and sanitation facilities (Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council,   2009). PHAST is based on another participatory methodology called SARAR, which stands for self-esteem, associative strengths, resourcefulness, action-planning and responsibility. PHAST seeks to help communities; improve hygiene behavours, prevent diarrhoeal diseases, and encourage community management of water and sanitation facilities It does this by: demonstrating the relationship between sanitation and health status; increasing the self-esteem of community members; empowering the community to plan environmental improvements and to own and operate water and sanitation facilities. The methods for achieving these goals are called participa

1. HEADACHE.  Headache of non traumatic origin accounts for 0.5% of ED attendances of which 10-15 have serious underlying pathology. Patients typically present in one of the three ways: 1).    SEVERE HEADACHE, unlike any previous one (first severe or worse than ever) 2).     HEADACHE WITH ASSOCIATED WORRYING FEATURES-   e.g altered mental status, fever, focal neurology. 3).   Chronic severe headache unresponsive to treatment Aetiology Differentiating between potentially life-threatening and relatively non serious causes is difficult.   Primary Headache A,   migrane B, tension headache C, cluster headache D, miscellaneous (benign cough headache, benign exertional headache, headache associated with sexual activity).   Secondary Headache a,   Head injury b, Vascular (stroke, intracranial Haematoma, subarachnoid haemorrhage, venous thrombosis, hypertension) c, substance misuse or withdrawal – including analgesia withdrawal or rebound d,Non vascular intracran