CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH WATER.

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Water may carry causative agents (pathogens) of communicable diseases of man or provide the right environment for the breeding and propagation of their vectors. Irrigation and drainage projects create great expanses of water and, provided a number of ecological conditions are mer, will lead to the introduction of disease vectors in areas where they did not occur before, or to a rapid increase of their original densities. Wherever a parasite or another disease causing organism is present, and a susceptible human population exists, environmental changes resulting from such projects may have a profound impact on the epidemiology of disease through their effect on vector bionomics. In addition, sometimes the disease agent is introduced by human migration resulting directly from project development. Disease transmission may be particularly rapid in densely populated areas associated with irrigated lands. The adverse effects of irrigation may be related to oversights at the initial planning and construction of the system, or to its mismanagement in the operational phase. Water-related diseases may be avoided or mitigated by good engineering practice and by appropriate water management.

a) Water-Borne (faecal-oral): Water passively transmitting the agent. Examples are cholera, Typhoid, Cryptosporidiosis etc:

These are diseases caused by drinking water contaminated by human or animal faeces, which contain pathogenic microorganisms. Caused by the ingestion of water contaminated by water contaminated by human or animal faeces or urine containing pathogenic bacteria or viruses.

b) Water-Based (Water contact): Diseases where the pathogens complete their life cycle in water e.g. Dracontiasis, Schistosomiasis, Diphyllobothriasis, and Gnathostomiasis etc:

These are caused by parasites found in intermediate organisms living in contaminated water; they are usually passed to humans when they drink contaminated water or use it for washing.

c) Water-Related Insect vector): Diseases transmitted by insect which breed in water e.g. yellow fever, dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, sleeping sickness etc:

These are caused by insect vectors, especially mosquitoes that breed in water. They are not typically associated with lack of access to clean drinking water or sanitation services. It must be noted, however, that their spread is often facilitated by the construction of large-scale water systems that create conditions favourable to their hosts.

d) Water-Washed (Water Hygiene): Diseases due to insufficient water e.g. Trachoma, Scabies, Conjunctivitis etc:

These are diseases by poor personal hygiene and skin or eye contact with contaminated water. They occur where there is insufficient clean water for washing and personal hygiene, or where there is contact with contaminated water.

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